Euroambivalent and Equivocal Euroscepticism: Two Shades of Strategic Ambiguity in the 2024 European Parliament Elections in Hungary
No.2(2025)
István Benedek
Annamária Sebestyén
This study examines the dynamics of Euroscepticism in the context of Hungary’s 2024 European Parliament elections, focusing on the discourses of two outright Eurosceptic parties – the populist right-wing Fidesz and the far-right Our Homeland Movement – and the newly formed TISZA Party, which incorporates certain Eurosceptic elements. Employing a qualitative, single-country case study approach, our analysis draws on party leaders’ speeches, manifestos, campaign statements and other public communications spanning from February 2022 to December 2024. The findings reveal that despite a predominantly pro-European public, the three selected parties espoused moderated and ambiguous Euroscepticism, which proved electorally successful, securing 19 of Hungary’s 21 European Parliament seats and over 80% of the vote. Behind this paradox, our analysis distinguishes between two elite-level strategies: Equivocal Euroscepticism, which strategically oscillate between soft and hard Euroscepticism on the integration dimension without advocating full withdrawal, and Euroambivalent Eurosceptic approach, which navigate between soft Euroscepticism and pro-EU stances on institutional design or certain policies while clearly endorse EU membership. This conceptual innovation provides a novel conceptual framework with broader relevance for comparative analyses of Euroscepticism, offering deeper insights into how domestic political contexts shape distinct party positions on European integration.
euroscepticis; populism; 2024 EP elections; Euroambivalence; Fidesz; Our Homeland Movement; TISZA Party
Abts, K., & Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus Democracy. Political Studies, 55(2), 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x
Ágh, A. (2015). Radical party system changes in five east-central European states. Baltic Journal of Political Science, (4), 23–48.
Ágh, A. (2016). Increasing Eupopulism as a Megatrend in East Central Europe: From Facade Democracies to Velvet Dictatorships. Baltic Journal of Political Science, (5), 21–39.
Ágh, A. (2021). The emergence of the Europeanized party systems in ECE: The turning point at the 2019 EP elections in Hungary. Journal of Comparative Politics, 14(1), 20–41.
Arató, K. (2020). Hungary. In V. Hloušek & P. Kaniok (Eds.), The European Parliament Election of 2019 in East-Central Europe: Second-Order Euroscepticism (pp. 107–130). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40858-9_6
Baranya, R. (2019, May 2). Toroczkai László: Megdöbbentő a Jobbik árulása. [László Toroczkai: Jobbik's betrayal is shocking]. Magyar Hírlap – magyarhirlap.hu. Retrieved from: https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/belfold/20190502-toroczkai-laszlo-megdobbento-a-jobbik-arulasa
Batory, A. (2002). Attitudes to Europe: Ideology, Strategy and the Issue of European Union Membership in Hungarian Party Politics. Party Politics, 8(5), 525–539.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068802008005002
Batory, A. (2008). Eurospecticism in the Hungarian party system: Voices from the wilderness. In A. Szcerbiak & P. Taggart (Eds.), Opposing Europe (Vol. 1, pp. 263–276). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199258307.003.0015
Batory, A. (2016). Populists in government? Hungary’s “system of national cooperation”. Democratization, 23(2), 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1076214
Benedek, I. (2021). Riders on the storm: The role of populism in the global crisis of democracy and in the functioning of electoral autocracies. Politics in Central Europe, 17(2), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2021-0009
Benedek, I. (2024a). Populist autocratization and populist electoral autocracies: Towards a unified conceptual framework. Comparative European Politics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-024-00401-8
Benedek, I. (2024b). Transforming the Political Public Sphere: The Media System of the Orbán regime in Hungary. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 17(2), 469–489.
https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v17i2p469
Bíró-Nagy, A., & Medve-Bálint, G. (2024): 20 év az Európai Unióban. Magyarország uniós tagságának közpolitikai mérlege [20 Years in the European Union: A Policy Assessment of Hungary’s EU Membership]. Budapest: Osiris - HUN-REN TK.
Bíró-Nagy, A., Juhász, V., Szászi, Á., & Varga, A. (2023). Milyen Európát szeretnénk? A magyar társadalom és az Európai Unió 2023-ban [What kind of EU do Hungarians want? Hungarian Society and the European Union in 2023]. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung – Policy Solutions. Retrieved from:
https://www.policysolutions.hu/hu/hirek/614/milyen_europat_szeretnenk_2023_tanulmany
Bíró-Nagy, A., & Szászi, Á. J. (2024a). Perceptions of the European Union’s Policy Impact: Europeanisation of Public Attitudes in Hungary. East European Politics and Societies, 38(2), 379–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/08883254231196317
Bíró-Nagy, A., & Szászi, Á. J. (2024b). The roots of Euroscepticism: Affective, behavioural and cognitive anti-EU attitudes in Hungary. Sociology Compass, 18(4), e13200. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13200
Botos, T. (2024, October 17). Megkérdezték Magyartól, hogy miben különbözik Orbántól, mire úgy kezdett beszélni, mint Orbán. [Magyar was asked how he was different from Orban, and he started talking like Orban. ] 444.hu. Retrieved from https://444.hu/2024/10/17/megkerdeztek-magyartol-hogy-miben-kulonbozik-orbantol-mire-ugy-kezdett-beszelni-mint-orban
Bozóki, A., & Benedek, I. (2024). Politics in Hungary: Two Critical Junctures. In S. P. Ramet & L. Kürti (Eds.), Civic and Uncivic Values in Hungary (pp. 17–42). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003488842-3
Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. (2022, October 13). Policy of sanctions is primitive and disastrous. 2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu. Retrieved from https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/policy-of-sanctions-is-primitive-and-disastrous/
Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184
Capoccia, G., & Kelemen, R. D. (2007). The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism. World Politics, 59(3), 341–369.
Cicchi, L., Reiljan, A., Garzia, D., Ferreira da Silva, F., & Trechsel, A. H. (2023, March 9). Party placement in the void: The European political space in 10 years of cross-national Voting Advice Applications [SSRN Scholarly Paper]. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4382699
Coman, R., & Leconte, C. (2019). Contesting EU authority in the name of European identity: The new clothes of the sovereignty discourse in Central Europe. Journal of European Integration, 41(7), 855–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1665660
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Glynn, A., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Pemstein, D., … Teorell, J. (2020). Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Csehi, R. (2019). Neither episodic, nor destined to failure? The endurance of Hungarian populism after 2010. Democratization, 26(6), 1011–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1590814
Csehi, R., & Zgut, E. (2020). ‘We won’t let Brussels dictate us’: Eurosceptic populism in Hungary and Poland. European Politics and Society, 22(1), 53–68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1717064
Czirkos, S. (2021, June 21). Az Európai Parlament elnöke szerint nem szereti a demokráciát, aki olyanokban gondolkodik mint Orbán [The President of the European Parliament says that anyone who thinks like Orbán does not like democracy] 444.hu. Retrieved from https://444.hu/2021/06/21/az-europai-parlament-elnoke-szerint-nem-szereti-a-demokraciat-aki-olyanokban-gondolkodik-mint-orban
Danaj, A., Lazányi, K., & Bilan, S. (2018). Euroscepticism and populism in Hungary: The analysis of the prime minister’s discourse. Journal of International Studies, 11(1), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-1/18
Dúró, J. (2016). Becoming Mainstream? Euroscepticism among Established Parties in V4 Countries. Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 35–47.
https://doi.org/10.15604/ejss.2016.04.04.003
Enyedi, Z. (2006). Az európai integráció hatása a kelet-európai és a magyar pártstratégiákra [The effect of the European integration on the Eastern European and Hungarian party strategies]. In I. Hegedűs (Ed.), A magyarok bemenetele. Tagállamként a bővülő Európai Unióban [Incoming of the Hungarians: As a member state of the enlarging European Union]. Budapest: Demokrácia Kutatások Magyar Központja Alapítvány.
Enyedi, Z., & Róna, D. (2018). Governmental and oppositional populism: Competition and division of labour. In S. Wolinetz & A. Zaslove (Eds.), Absorbing the Blow: The Impact of Populist Parties on European Party Systems (pp. 251–272). Colchester: ECPR Press.
Exterde, T. (2024, May 28). Toroczkai László az EP-választásról és arról, miért küldené börtönbe Ursula von der Leyent. [László Toroczkai on the EP elections and why he would send Ursula von der Leyen to prison] INFOSTART. Retrieved from:
Fölsz, A., & Tóka, G. (2006). Determinants of Support for EU-Membership in Hungary. In R. Rohrschneider & S. Whitefield (Eds.), Public Opinion, Party Competition, and the European Union in Post-Communist Europe (pp. 145–164). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11500-3_8
Garzia, D., Trechsel, A., & De Sio, L. (2017). Party placement in supranational elections: An introduction to the euandi 2014 dataset. Party Politics, 23(4), 333–341.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815593456
Goldstein, A. (2021). Right-wing opposition to the mainstream radical right: The cases of Hungary and Poland. Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 29(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/25739638.2021.1957483
Halász, N. (2024, December 2) Magyar Péter Donald Tusk példáját követné, visszaszerezné az uniós forrásokat. [Péter Magyar would follow Donald Tusk's example and get EU funds back] telex.hu. Retrieved from: https://telex.hu/kulfold/2024/12/02/tisza-part-magyar-peter-euro-donald-tusk
Hargitai, T. (2020). How Eurosceptic is Fidesz actually? Politics in Central Europe, 16(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0009
Havlík, V., & Hloušek, V. (2024). Where Have All the ‘Exiters’ Gone? Contextualising the Concept of Hard Euroscepticism. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13602
Heinisch, R., McDonnell, D., & Werner, A. (2021). Equivocal Euroscepticism: How Populist Radical Right Parties Can Have Their EU Cake and Eat It. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 59(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13055
Hír TV. (2023, December 21). A Hír TV élő adásában nyilvánított részvétet Orbán Viktor a prágai mészárlást követően + video [Video]. Retrieved from:
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2007). Sources of Euroscepticism. Acta Politica, 42(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500192
INFOSTART/MTI. (2024, July 27). Itt elolvashatja Orbán Viktor Tusnádfürdői beszédének szövegét. [Here you can read the text of Viktor Orbán's speech in Tusnádfürdő]. Retrieved from https://infostart.hu/kulfold/2024/07/27/itt-elolvashatja-orban-viktor-tusnadfurdoi-beszedet
Jenne, E. K., Bozóki, A., & Visnovitz, P. (2022). Antisemitic Tropes, Fifth-Columnism, and “Soros-Bashing”: The Curious Case of Central European University. In H. Mylonas & S. Radnitz (Eds.), Enemies Within: The Global Politics of Fifth Columns (pp. 45–72). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197627938.003.0003
Kassai, Z. (2024, October 22). Magyar Péter elárulta, miért nem szavazták meg az Ukrajnának kínált segítséget. [Péter Magyar reveals why the aid offered to Ukraine was not voted for] 24.hu. Retrieved from: https://24.hu/belfold/2024/10/22/magyar-peter-ukrajna-strasbourg-europai-parlament-szavazas/
Kaufmann, B. (2024, April 14). Amit Magyar Péter Ukrajnáról mondott, az jó pár ponton óriási tévedés. [What Péter Magyar said about Ukraine is, on a number of points, a huge mistake.] 444.hu. Retrieved from: https://444.hu/2024/04/14/amit-magyar-peter-ukrajnarol-mondott-az-jo-par-ponton-oriasi-tevedes
Kiss, B. (2024). Policy to Experience. Pride and Hubris in Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Campaign Communication. In G. Szabó (Ed.), Managing Moral Emotions in Divided Politics: Lessons from Hungary’s 2022 General Election Campaigns (pp. 45–64). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67023-7_3
Kolosi, T., & Hudácskó, S. (2020). Az Európai Unióval és az euróval kapcsolatos vélemények nemzetközi összehasonlításban. [Opinions on the European Union and the euro in international comparison.]. In T. Kolosi & I. G. Tóth (Eds.), Társadalmi Riport 2020 (pp. 453–461). Budapest: TÁRKI.
Kopecký, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). The Two Sides of Euroscepticism: Party Positions on European Integration in East Central Europe. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003003002
Körösényi, A., & Patkós, V. (2015). Liberális és illiberális populizmus Berlusconi és Orbán politikai vezetése. [Liberal and Illiberal Populism: The Political Leadership of Berlusconi and Orbán]. Politikatudományi Szemle, 24(2), 29–54.
Krastev, I., & Holmes, S. (2018). Explaining Eastern Europe: Imitation and Its Discontents. Journal of Democracy, 29(3), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0049
Leconte, C. (2012). Eurosceptics in the Rotating Presidency’s Chair: Too Much Ado About Nothing? Journal of European Integration, 34(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2012.641088
Leconte, C. (2015). From pathology to mainstream phenomenon: Reviewing the Euroscepticism debate in research and theory. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115576236
Lengyel, G., & Göncz, B. (2010). A magyar EU-tagság a közvéleményben. [Public opinion on Hungarian EU membership.]. In T. Kolosi & I. G. Tóth (Eds.), Társadalmi Riport 2010 (pp. 527–547). Budapest: TÁRKI.
Leruth, B., Kutiyski, Y., Krouwel, A. P. M., & Startin, N. (2017). Does the information source matter? Newspaper readership, political preferences and attitudes towards the European Union in the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. In M. Caiani, & S. Guerra (Eds.), Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe (pp. 95–120). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7_5
Lorimer, M. (2021). What Do They Talk About When They Talk About Europe? Euro-Ambivalence in Far Right Ideology. Ethnic and Racial Studies 44(11): 2016–2033. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1807035
Magyar, P. (2024, September 10). Az illegális migráció kezeléséről. [On managing illegal migration.] [Facebook status update]. Facebook. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/peter.magyar.102/posts/az-illeg%C3%A1lis-migr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3-kezel%C3%A9s%C3%A9r%C5%91l-a-tisza-p%C3%A1rt-hasonl%C3%B3an-minden-j%C3%B3zan-magyar-%C3%A9s-/8736181393082898/
Márton, B., & Nyilas, G. (2024. October 8). “Mennyiért árulta el a hazát, miniszterelnök úr?” – megzavarták Orbán sajtótájékoztatóját az EP-ben. [How much did you betray the country for, Prime Minister?" - Orban's press conference in the EP was interrupted] Telex. Retrieved from: https://telex.hu/kulfold/2024/10/08/eu-europai-unio-tanacsa-soros-elnokseg-orban-sajtotajekoztato
Marzi, P. (2024). Euroscepticism: A meta-analysis. Acta Politica.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-024-00351-9
McLaren, L. M. (2006). Identity, Interests and Attitudes to European Integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230504240
Mihazank. (2022). Mi Hazánk Mozgalom Virradat program Magyarország felvirágoztatására. [Our Homeland Movement Virradat programme for the revitalisation of Hungary]. Retrieved from https://mihazank.hu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Virradat_Program.pdf
Mihazank. (2024). Mi Hazánk Mozgalom EP-program 2024. A Mi Hazánk Európája. EP-választási program, 2024 [Our Homeland Movement EP Programme 2024. Our Homeland's Europe. EP Election Programme, 2024]. Retrieved from: https://mihazank.hu/ep-program-2024/
Mizsur, A. (2024, March 14). Magyar Péter már a negyedik, aki harmadik erő szeretne lenni. [Péter Magyar is the fourth who wants to become a third force] telex.hu. Retrieved from: https://telex.hu/belfold/2024/03/14/magyar-peter-partalapitas-fidesz-ellenzek-ner-propaganda-sajto-megafon-oktatas-europai-unio-harmadik-ero
Molnár, A. (2017). Economic Crisis and Euroscepticism: A Comparative Study of the Hungarian and Italian Case (1990-2013). Politics in Central Europe, 12(3), 51–82. https://doi.org/10.1515/pce-2016-0017
Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037
Müller, J.-W. (2016). What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
VG-Világgazdaság. (2024, April 30). Navracsics a magyar euróról: jól kell hogy járjunk [Navracsics on the Hungarian euro: we should do well]. Retrieved from:
https://www.vg.hu/vilaggazdasag-magyar-gazdasag/2024/04/euro-magyar-navracsics
Neumayer, L. (2008). Euroscepticism as a political label: The use of European Union issues in political competition in the new Member States. European Journal of Political Research, 47(2), 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00721.x
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
HVG360. (2023, January 27).Orbán Viktor: Nem akarnám Magyarországot az EU-ban, csak éppen nincs választásom [I don’t want Hungary in the EU, I just don't have a choice]. Retrieved from: https://hvg.hu/360/20230127_Orban_Viktor_Nem_akarnam_Magyarorszagot_az_EUban_csak_eppen_nincs_mas_valasztasom
Magyarország Kormánya. (2025, February 14).Orbán Viktor interjúja a Kossuth Rádió “Jó reggelt, Magyarország” című műsorában. [Interview with Viktor Orbán on Kossuth Radio's "Good Morning, Hungary" programme] kormány.hu. Retrieved from: https://kormany.hu/beszedek-interjuk/miniszterelnok/orban-viktor-interjuja-a-kossuth-radio-jo-reggelt-magyarorszag-cimu-musoraban-2025-02-14
Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda. (2024a, July 27). Orbán Viktor előadása a XXXIII. Bálványosi Nyári Szabadegyetem és Diáktáborban. [Lecture by Viktor Orbán at the XXXIII Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp]. Retrieved from: https://miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-eloadasa-a-xxxiii-balvanyosi-nyari-szabadegyetem-es-diaktaborban/
Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda. (2024b, September 25). Orbán.Viktor előadása a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem “Európai versenyképesség, magyar gazdasági semlegesség” című konferenciáján [Speech by Viktor Orbán at the conference "European Competitiveness, Hungarian Economic Neutrality" at the National University of Public Service] Retrieved from: https://miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-eloadasa-a-nemzeti-kozszolgalati-egyetem-europai-versenykepesseg-magyar-gazdasagi-semlegesseg-cimu-konferenciajan/
Özoflu, M. A., & Arató, K. (2023). The populist framing of the Russia-Ukraine war by the Hungarian government: Convergence or contestation in the EU. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 23(4), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2023.2273022
Özoflu, M. A., & Arató, K. (2024). Perceptions of Hungarian Political Elites of the EU’s Foreign and Security Policy during the War in Ukraine In: M. Butnaru Troncotă, A. O. Özçelik & R.-A. Cucută (Eds), Reconfiguring EU Peripheries: Political Elites, Contestation, and Geopolitical Shifts (pp. 33–54). Pro et Contra 3. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.33134/pro-et-contra-3-2
Papp, A. (2024, March 15). Magyar Péter: Csatlakozni kell az Európai Ügyészséghez. [Péter Magyar: We must join the European Public Prosecutor's Office] 24.hu. Retrieved from https://24.hu/belfold/2024/03/15/magyar-peter-csatlakozni-kell-az-europai-ugyeszseghez/
Petrović, N. (2019). Divided national memories and EU crises: How Eurosceptic parties mobilize historical narratives. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(3), 363–384. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1523710
Pirro, A., & Taggart, P. (2018). The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: A framework for analysis. Politics, 38(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718770579
Pirro, A., Taggart, P., & van Kessel, S. (2018). The populist politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis: Comparative conclusions. Politics, 38(3), 378–390. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718784704
Pirro, A., & van Kessel, S. (2017). United in opposition? The populist radical right’s EU-pessimism in times of crisis. Journal of European Integration, 39(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2017.1281261
Plesz, B., & Körösényi, A. (2024). The opportunities and constraints of successful heresthetical strategies: attitudes, identities, and the framing of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Hungary. East European Politics, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2024.2435824
Polyák, G. (2019). Media in Hungary: Three Pillars of an Illiberal Democracy. In E. Połońska & C. Beckett (Eds.), Public Service Broadcasting and Media Systems in Troubled European Democracies (pp. 279–303). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02710-0_13
Portfolio.hu. (2022, June 14). Megmagyarázta a kormány illetékese, miért nem akar csatlakozni az Európai Ügyészséghez Magyarország [Government official explains why Hungary does not want to join the European Public Prosecutor's Office]. Retrieved from:
Pörzse, K. (2004). Közvélemény az EU-tagságról a csatlakozást megelőző években.[ Public opinion on EU membership in the years before accession.]. Jel-Kép: Kommunikáció Közvélemény Média, (4), 3–12.
Puzsér, R. (2024, May 1). Puzsér Róbert diskurzusa Magyar Péterrel a nemzet sorsáról – moderál: Kóczián Péter [Róbert Puzsér's discussion with Péter Magyar on the fate of the nation - moderated by: Péter Kóczián] | HARD TALK #31. Youtube. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV9fjT8gGS8
Ritó, Sz. (2024, February 28). A következő öt év egyik legfontosabb kérdése lehet a közös európai védelempolitika alakítása. [Shaping a common European defence policy could be one of the most important issues of the next five years] HIRADO.HU. Retrieved from https://hirado.hu/kulfold/cikk/2024/02/28/a-kovetkezo-ot-ev-egyik-legfontosabb-kerdese-lehet-a-kozos-europai-vedelempolitika-alakitasa
Rooduijn, M., & Pauwels, T. (2011). Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis. West European Politics, 34(6), 1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2011.616665
Rooduijn, M., & van Kessel, S. (2019). Populism and Euroskepticism in the European Union. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1045
RTL. (2024, May 15). Magyar Péter: Magyarország nem a Rogán Antalok és a Tiborcz Istvánok országa [Péter Magyar: Hungary is not the country of the Antal Rogáns and István Tiborczs]. Retrieved from https://rtl.hu/belfold/2024/03/15/magyar-peter-marcius-15-beszed-tuntetes-part-fidesz-varga-judit-ferjeRoch, J. (2024). The Populism-Euroscepticism Nexus: A Discursive Comparative Analysis of Germany and Spain. Abingdon–New York: Routledge.
Santana, A., Zagórski, P., & Rama, J. (2020). At odds with Europe: Explaining populist radical right voting in Central and Eastern Europe. East European Politics, 36(2), 288–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1737523
Schedler, A. (2013). The politics of uncertainty: Sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, A. (2016). Friends forever? The Role of the Visegrad Group and European Integration. Politics in Central Europe, 12(3), 113–140. https://doi.org/10.1515/pce-2016-0019
Scott, J. W. (2020). Hungarian Border Politics as an Anti-Politics of the European Union. Geopolitics, 25(3), 658–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1548438
Söderbaum, F., Spandler, K., & Pacciardi, A. (2021): Contestations of the Liberal International Order: A Populist Script of Regional Cooperation. Cambridge University Press
Startin, N. (2015). Have We Reached a Tipping Point? The Mainstreaming of Euroscepticism in the UK. International Political Science Review, 36(3): 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115574126
Szabó, A., & Sebestyén, A. (2024, June 5). The Péter Magyar Phenomenon | Review of Democracy. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from Review of Democracy website: https://revdem.ceu.edu/2024/06/05/the-peter-magyar-phenomenon/
Szabó, G. (2024a). Mediating Moral Emotions. How Did Online News Media Cover Moral Emotional Messages During the 2022 General Election Campaigning? In G. Szabó (Ed.), Managing Moral Emotions in Divided Politics: Lessons from Hungary’s 2022 General Election Campaigns (pp. 143–169). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67023-7_7
Szabó, G. (2024b). Purification in Politics: Guilt and Shame in the Challenger’s Rhetoric. In G. Szabó (Ed.), Managing Moral Emotions in Divided Politics: Lessons from Hungary’s 2022 General Election Campaigns (pp. 65–87). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67023-7_4
Szczerbiak, A., & Taggart, P. (2008a). Opposing Europe?: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 1: Case Studies and Country Surveys. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Szczerbiak, A., & Taggart, P. (2008b). Opposing Europe?: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism: Volume 2: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Taggart, P. (1998). A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research, 33(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00387
Taggart, P. (2002). Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics. In Y. Mény & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge (pp. 62–80). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920072_4
Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2004). Contemporary Euroscepticism in the party systems of the European Union candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 43(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00143.x
Takács, P. (2024, May 27). Magyar Péter kész lenne bevezetni az eurót Magyarországon. [Péter Magyar is ready to introduce the euro in Hungary]. Liner.hu. Retrieved from: https://liner.hu/magyar-peter-euro-bevezetes-magyarorszagon-valasztasok/
Tóth, I. G. (2022). Kompország lakói 2022-ben. Az USA, az EU, Oroszország és Kína megítélése a magyar közvéleményben. [The Inhabitants of Ferryland in 2022: Public Perception of the United States, the European Union, Russia, and China in Hungary.]. In T. Kolosi, I. Szelényi, & I. G. Tóth (Eds.), Társadalmi Riport 2022 (pp. 431–453). Budapest: TÁRKI.
Vachudova, M. A. (2008). Tempered by the EU? Political parties and party systems before and after accession. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(6), 861–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760802196614
van Klingeren, M., Boomgaarden, H. G., & De Vreese, C. H. (2013). Going Soft or Staying Soft: Have Identity Factors Become More Important Than Economic Rationale when Explaining Euroscepticism? Journal of European Integration, 35(6), 689–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2012.719506
Vasilopoulou, S. (2017). Theory, Concepts and Research Design in the Study of Euroscepticism. In B. Leruth, N. Startin, & S. Usherwood (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism (pp. 22–35). Routledge.
Wessel, R. A. & Szép V. (2022). The implementation of Article 31 of the Treaty on European Union and the use of qualified majority voting. Towards a more effective Common Foreign and Security Policy? Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/957058e8-6c73-11ed-9887-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2025 István Benedek, Annamária Sebestyén