Czechia in First Place? Foreign and European Policy Narratives in the 2025 Elections
No.3(2026)
The article examines the politicisation of foreign and European policy in the 2025 Czech parliamentary elections through an analysis of party narratives articulated in electoral manifestos and campaign discourse. The 2025 campaign was marked by a deliberate effort of incumbent parties to increase its salience and to frame geopolitical orientation and EU membership as existential choices. Building on the literature on the Europeanisation of Czech foreign policy and on party-based foreign policy narratives, the study analyses manifestos of all parliamentary parties (ANO, AUTO, Pirates, SPD, STAN, and Together) and one relevant extra-parliamentary actor (Enough!). Using a qualitative narrative approach, the article identifies dominant narrative patterns and maps their alignment with established ideational strands such as liberal internationalism, sovereigntism, Euro-optimism, and Euroscepticism. The findings demonstrate a clear incumbents–opposition divide. Government parties articulated coherent internationalist and Euro-optimist narratives, combining Europeanist and Atlanticist trajectories, whereas opposition parties offered more heterogeneous but generally reactive and Eurosceptic visions. The article contributes to comparative research on the domestic politicisation of foreign policy and the role of party narratives in structuring electoral competition.
foreign policy narratives; European integration; Czech political parties; politicisation of foreign policy
Bartoszewicz, M. G., & Prucková, M. (2024). “Enemy Image? A Comparative Analysis of the Russian Federation’s Role and Position in the Leading National Security Documents of Estonia and the Czech Republic.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 32(1), 215–27. doi:10.1080/14782804.2023.2224237.
Baun, M. J., & Marek, D. (2010). Czech Foreign Policy and EU Integration: European and Domestic Sources. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(1): 2–21. doi:10.1080/15705850903553513.
Beneš, V., & Harnisch, S. (2015). Role theory in symbolic interactionism: Czech Republic, Germany and the EU. Cooperation and Conflict, 50(1), 164-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714525768
Boubínová, M. (2025). Ve volební kampaní nám chybí tvář – pan nebo paní TOP 09 (interview with Jiří Popspíšil, Together – TOP 09), Deník N, 27 August 2025.
Braun, M. (2005). The Troublesome Concept of Sovereignty – the Czech debate on European Unity. Perspectives, 25(Winter 2005), 7-22.
Brusenbauch Meislová, M., & Szent-Iványi, B. (2023). Exploitation Opportunities for Distant Crises: Political Framings of Brexit in the Czech Republic and Hungary. Problems of Post-Communism, 70(1), 55–65. doi:10.1080/10758216.2021.1915162.
Cabada, L. (2024). Twenty years of Czech EU membership : between the pragmatic bandwagoning and the ‘Visegrad-effect’. 20 Years of EU Membership Paper Series, 3-14. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/122011
Cadier, D. (2019). The Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic: Domestic Politics Back with a Vengeance. In Bindi, F. (ed.), Europe and America. The End of the Transatlantic Relationship?, Brookings Institution, 199 – 215.
Capáková, V. (2025). Chceme zabránit tomu, aby byl premiérem estébák, říká předvolební pirátský tandem (interview with Zdeněk Hříb and Ivan Bartoš, Pirates), Hospodářské noviny, 30 September 2025.
De Wilde, P., & Trenz, H.-J.. (2012). Denouncing European Integration: Euroscepticism as Polity Contestation. European Journal of Social Theory, 15(4), 537–554. 10.1177/1368431011432968
Drulák, P. (2006). Qui Décide la Politique étrangère Tchèque? Les Internationalistes, les Européanistes, les Atlantistes ou les Autonomistes? Revue Internationale et Strategique, 61(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.061.0071.
Eihmanis, E. (2024). EU Transnational Coalitions in Polycrisis: The Visegrád-4 before and after the Russo-Ukrainian War. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(10), 3299–3323. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2024.2357268
Hagström, L. & Gustafsson, K. (2019). Narrative Power: How Storytelling Shapes East Asian International Politics. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(4), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1623498
Havlík, V. 2009. České politické strany a evropská integrace. Evropeizace, evropanství, euroskepticismus?, Brno: MUNI.
Havlík, V., Hloušek, V., & Kaniok, P. (2017). Europeanised Defiance - Czech Euroscepticism since 2004, Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers,
Havlík, V., & Kluknavská, A. (2022). The populist vs anti-populist divide in the time of pandemic: The 2021 Czech national election and its consequences for European politics. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 60(S1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13413.
Havlík, V., & Hloušek, V. (2025). Where Have All the ‘Exiters’ Gone? Contextualising the Concept of Hard Euroscepticism. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 63(2), 351-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13602.
Hesová, Zora. (2025). International Principles or Crude Geopolitics? The Incoherence of Czech Foreign Policy Towards Ukraine and Gaza. Czech Journal of International Relations, 60(2), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1893
Hloušek, V., & Kaniok, P. (2020). Czech Republic. In Hloušek, V., & Kaniok, P. (eds.), The European Parliament Election of 2019 in East-Central Europe: Second-Order Euroscepticism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan,61-82.
Hloušek, V., & Kaniok, P. (2021). Europe Forever? Czech Political Parties on the Orientation of Czech Foreign Policy. East European Politics, 37(4): 702–21. doi:10.1080/21599165.2020.1855424.
Hloušek, V., Kutnarová, P., & Velička Zapletalová, V. (2025). Eurooptimism: seeking to define a term whose meaning has become far from obvious. European Politics and Society, DOI:10.1080/23745118.2025.2576696
Hoeglinger, D. (2016). The Politicisation of European Integration in Domestic Election Campaigns. West European Politics, 39(1), 44–63. doi:10.1080/01402382.2015.1081509.
Hofmann, S. C, & Martill, B. (2021). The party scene: new directions for political party research in foreign policy analysis. International Affairs, 97(2), 305–322, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa165
Holzer, J., Jirušek, M., & Kuchyňková, P. (2020). Russia as Viewed by the Main Czech Political Actors. In Holzer, J., & Mareš, M. (eds.), Czech Security Dilemma: New Security Challenges. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 55-89.
Hutter, S., Grande, E., & Kriesi, H. eds. (2016). Politicising Europe, Cambridge: CUP.
Janebová, P. & Hloušek, V. (2023). Community of Fate? Visegrád Cooperation Viewed from Bratislava and Prague. Europe-Asia Studies, 75(6), 947–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2023.2193359
Kaarbo, J. (2015). A Foreign Policy Analysis Perspective on the Domestic Politics Turn in IR Theory. International Studies Review, 17(2), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12213
Kamenský, S. (2025). Na Západ nepatříme. Ale ani na Východ (interview with Radim Fiala, SPD), Mladá fronta Dnes, 24 September 2025.
Kaniok, P. (2025). The Neutral Servant: The Czech EU Council Presidency and Its Framing by the Political Parties. Journal of European Integration, 47(5), 675–701. doi:10.1080/07036337.2024.2407573.
Kaniok, P., & Hloušek, V. (2024). Czech Political Parties and the War in Ukraine: Continuity of Foreign Policy Stances. East European Politics, 40(3), 395–411. doi:10.1080/21599165.2023.2295888.
Karbulka, L. (2025). Mou nejsilnější stránkou je otevřenost a pravdomluvnost (interview with Kateřina Konečná, Stačilo), Metro, 26 September 2025.
Kolář, P. (2025a). Konečná: Ústavní soud nemá rozhodovat volby. Mladá fronta DNES, 22 September 2025.
Kolář, P. (2025b). Obecné referendum je blbost! (interview with Petr Macinka, AUTO). Mladá fronta Dnes, 18 September 2025.
Kopecký, J., & Hejl Hromková, D. (2025). Ve vládě nám chyběla odvaha (interview with Vít Rakušan, STAN), Mladá fronta DNES, 29 September 2025.
Kořan, M. (2012). Dvě dekády české zahraniční politiky a bezvýchodnost internacionalistické hegemonie. Politologický časopis, 19(3), 195–217.
Kovář, J., & Sychra, Z. (2017). The European Dimension of the Czech Foreign Policy: The Ambivalent Position of the Reluctant European. In Kizeková, A. (Ed.), Czech Foreign Policy in 2017: Analysis. Prague: IIR, 41–70.
Kříž, Z., Chovančík, M., & Krpec, O. (2021). Czech Foreign Policy After the Velvet Revolution. In Joly, J.K., & Haesebrouck, T. (eds.), Foreign Policy Change in Europe Since 1991. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 49-72.
Kuželová, M. (2025). Fiala z SPD: Muniční iniciativa pokračovat nebude, Zůna se vyjádřil neobratně. Novinky.cz, 21 December 2025.
Machová, M. (2025). Jsem jediná, kdo může porazit Fialu. A porazím ho (interview with Alena Schillerová, ANO), Právo, 6 September 2025.
Marek D., & Baun, D. (2012). The Czech Republic: The Domestic Limits to Foreign-policy Effectiveness. In McKercher, B.J.C. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft. London: Routledge, 143-154.
Marzi, P. (2025). Euroscepticism: A Meta-Analysis. Acta Politica, 60(4), 704–722. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-024-00351-9.
MF Dnes. (2025). „Do vlády chceme s tím, kdo se postaví Bruselu“ (interview with Filip Turek, AUTO), Mladá fronta DNES, 19 September 2025.
Miskimmon, A., O'Loughlin, B., & Roselle, L. (2018). Narrativa estratégica : el arte de la diplomacia en el siglo XXI. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 113, 3-95 https://re.sre.gob.mx/rmpe/index.php/rmpe/article/view/235/215
Nedvěd, J. (2025) Andrej Babiš: S Putinem jsem nikdy nejednal. Mladá fronta DNES, 26 September 2025.
Neuman, M., & Neuman Stanivuković, S. (2025). A Reluctant European? The Czech Republic’s EU Membership Experience Read through the EU Council Presidency. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 33(2), 434–48. doi:10.1080/14782804.2024.2348684.
Noort, C. van, & Colley, T. (2021). How Do Strategic Narratives Shape Policy Adoption? Responses to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Review of International Studies, 4(1), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210520000388.
Palata, L. (2025). Fiala u Merze v Berlíně: S Německem se shodujeme, se Slovenskem rozcházíme, Deník, 22 July 2025.
Patterson, M. & Monroe, K. R. (1998). Narrative in Political Science, Annual Review of Political Science, 1, 315-351. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.315
Perknerová, K. (2025a). Jan Lipavský: Andreji Babišovi by se mohlo stát, že dopadne jako Paroubek, Denik.cz, 22 August 2025.
Perknerová, K. (2025b). Premiér Petr Fiala: Babišovi jde jen o osobní a mocenské zájmy, Deník, 26 September 2025.
Raunio, T., & Wagner, W. (2024). Legislatures, Political Parties, and Foreign Policy. In Kaarbo, J., & Thies, C. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford: OUP, 302-322.
Raunio, T., & Wagner, W. (2020). The Party Politics of Foreign and Security Policy. Foreign Policy Analysis, 16(4), 515–531, https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa018
Roe, E. (1994): Narrative Policy Analysis: Theory and Practice, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Roselle, L., Miskimmon, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2014).“Strategic narrative: A new means to understand soft power. Media, War & Conflict, 7(1), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635213516696
Skulínek, M. (2021). Do pekla, nebo do ráje? Evropská integrace v diskurzu českých a slovenských politických stran (1989–1998), Brno: CDK and MUNI.
Smekal, H., & Havlík, V. (2023). Drivers of Domestic Politicisation of European Issues: Explaining Low Politicisation of Differentiated Integration in Czechia. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(3), 979–94. doi:10.1080/14782804.2022.2106952.
Štalmach, D. (2025). Změny v kraji jsou moc pomalé (interview with Kateřina Konečná, Stačilo), Mladá fronta DNES, 23 September 2025.
Szczerbiak, A., & Taggart, P. (2024). Euroscepticism and Anti-establishment Parties in Europe. Journal of European Integration, 46(8): 1171–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2024.2329634.
Szczerbiak, A., & Taggart, P. (2008). Theorizing Party-based Euroscepticism: Problems of Definition, Measurement and Causality. In Szczerbiak, A., & Taggart, P. (Eds.), Opposing Europe? Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives 2. Oxford: OUP, 238–62.
Tabosa, C. (2020). Constructing Foreign Policy vis-a`-vis the Migration Crisis: the Czech and Slovak Cases. Czech Journal of International Relations, 55(2): 5-23.
Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2018). Putting Brexit into Perspective: The Effect of the Eurozone and Migration Crises and Brexit on Euroscepticism in European States. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(8): 1194–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467955.
Titlbach, F. (2025a). Chci větší klub, než má ODS, říká za Starosty (interview with Vít Rakušan, STAN), Deník N, 1 August 2025.
Titlbach, F. (2025b). Havlíček: Příkopy mezi námi a ODS jsou teď příliš hluboké (interview with Karel Havlíček, ANO), Deník N, 4 August 2025.
Together (2025a). Co nám hrozí. https://spolu25.cz/co-nam-hrozi.
Vokál, V. (2025). Z EU vystupovat nechceme, Evropa je byznys, říká Babiš. Trump ho zklamal. Idnes.cz, 9 September 2025.
Toettoe, B., Guntz, F., & Turcsanyi, R. (2024). Identarian Atlanticism and Foreign Policy Implications: A Study of European Public Attitudes. European Politics and Society, 26(4): 836–57. doi:10.1080/23745118.2024.2421889.
Ťopek, M., & Vainert, L. (2025). Referendum o vystoupení z EU? Červená linie, o které se nebudeme ani bavit (interview with Karel Havlíček, ANO). Hospodářské noviny, 15 August 2025.
Vachtl, J., & Pospíšilová, E. (2025). Odchod Ukrajinců vyřeší drahé bydlení. Mladá fronta DNES, 30 September 2025.
Varga, M., & Buzogány, A. (2021). The Foreign Policy of Populists in Power: Contesting Liberalism in Poland and Hungary. Geopolitics, 26(5), 1442–63. doi:10.1080/14650045.2020.1734564.
Veselý, J., & Dvořáková, L. (2025). Naše vládní angažmá vyvede zem z marasmu (interview with Jaroslav Foldyna, SPD), Mladá fronta DNES, 24 September 2025.
Weiss, T. (2021). De-Europeanisation of Czech policy towards Eastern Partnership countries under populist leaders. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 587-602, DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2021.1927008
Zákravský, J., Ponížilová, M., & Hlaváčková, H. N. (2025). Changes in Czech Foreign Policy Positions: European Migration Crisis and Russian Attack against Ukraine. East European Politics, 41(2): 220–38. doi:10.1080/21599165.2024.2439858.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2026 Vít Hloušek